Strict Standards: Declaration of ContentController::display() should be compatible with JController::display($cachable = false) in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
373
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
71
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JModel::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
382
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
253
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/content.php on line
35
Deprecated: Non-static method JHTML::_() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
37
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::find() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
66
Deprecated: Non-static method JHTML::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
66
Strict Standards: call_user_func_array() expects parameter 1 to be a valid callback, non-static method JHTMLBehavior::caption() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
91
Strict Standards: Non-static method JHTML::script() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/system/mtupgrade/behavior.php on line
86
Strict Standards: Non-static method JHTML::_() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
172
Strict Standards: call_user_func_array() expects parameter 1 to be a valid callback, non-static method JHTMLBehavior::mootools() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
91
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/system/mtupgrade/behavior.php on line
52
Strict Standards: Non-static method JHTML::script() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/system/mtupgrade/behavior.php on line
66
Strict Standards: Non-static method JURI::root() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
176
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
179
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/system/mtupgrade/behavior.php on line
70
Strict Standards: Non-static method JURI::root() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
176
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
179
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getCmd() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
40
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
255
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
134
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getUser() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
46
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getSession() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
163
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
47
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
134
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/filter/filterinput.php on line
512
Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/filter/filterinput.php on line
514
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
48
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
151
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
287
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getCmd() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
290
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
255
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
134
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getCmd() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
291
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
255
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
134
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::find() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
627
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
71
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JURI::base() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/view.php on line
178
Deprecated: Non-static method JHTML::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/view.php on line
13
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
326
Deprecated: Non-static method JModel::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
592
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::find() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
112
Deprecated: Non-static method JModel::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
113
Deprecated: Non-static method JModel::_createFileName() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
114
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDBO() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
83
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JTable::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
268
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
134
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
356
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getCache() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
307
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
192
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JCache::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
208
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Declaration of JCacheView::get() should be compatible with JCache::get($id, $group = NULL) in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/handler/view.php on line
150
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getCmd() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/cache.php on line
87
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
255
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
151
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getURI() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/handler/view.php on line
148
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getURI() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
51
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JURI::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
403
Deprecated: Non-static method JCacheStorage::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/cache.php on line
313
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/storage/file.php on line
37
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/cache.php on line
206
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/handler/view.php on line
85
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getUser() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
33
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getSession() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
163
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
34
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
35
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
71
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JPathway::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
682
Deprecated: Non-static method JApplicationHelper::getClientInfo() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/pathway.php on line
75
Deprecated: Non-static method JSite::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/pathway.php on line
34
Deprecated: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
345
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
683
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::getParams() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
240
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
382
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
382
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method ContentHelperQuery::buildVotingQuery() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
526
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getUser() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
608
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getSession() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
163
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDate() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
611
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
71
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getLanguage() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
427
Deprecated: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
436
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getACL() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/user/user.php on line
260
Deprecated: Non-static method JText::_() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
550
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getLanguage() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/methods.php on line
120
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getUser() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
110
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getSession() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
163
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
583
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
151
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
60
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
151
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JTable::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
181
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::find() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/database/table.php on line
91
Deprecated: Non-static method JTable::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/database/table.php on line
91
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDBO() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/database/table.php on line
112
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getACL() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/user/user.php on line
260
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getACL() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/user/user.php on line
260
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getACL() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/user/user.php on line
260
Deprecated: Non-static method JRoute::_() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
78
Deprecated: Non-static method ContentHelperRoute::getArticleRoute() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
78
Deprecated: Non-static method ContentHelperRoute::_findItem() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/helpers/route.php on line
49
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::getComponent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/helpers/route.php on line
97
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/helper.php on line
39
Deprecated: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/helpers/route.php on line
99
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/methods.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
372
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JRouter::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
659
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
660
Deprecated: Non-static method JSite::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/router.php on line
419
Deprecated: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
345
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/router.php on line
401
Deprecated: Non-static method JSite::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/router.php on line
295
Deprecated: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
345
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Strict Standards: Non-static method JSite::getMenu() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/router.php on line
19
Strict Standards: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
345
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Strict Standards: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/router.php on line
90
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
382
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
382
Deprecated: Non-static method JURI::base() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/router.php on line
109
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::importPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
101
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
92
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::getParams() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/content/labels.php on line
35
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::getComponent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/helper.php on line
83
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/helper.php on line
39
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDBO() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/content/labels.php on line
37
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/content/labels.php on line
38
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/content/cdaccesstext.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JHTML::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/content/comments.php on line
54
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
326
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
484
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
484
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
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عوامل ناشی از گزش مار به سه دسته تقسیم می شود:
1- عوارض روانی: بلافاصله در دقیقه اول پس از گزش بروز می کند، شامل: شوک- ترس و هراس ناشی از اسم مار و تهاجم مار- اضطراب- افزایش ضربان قلب و سرعت تنفس- لرزش- تعریق_ سردی پوست- سستی نبض-اسپاسم(این علائم با دلداری برطرف می شود.)
2- عوارض موضعی: 5 تا 10 دقیقه پس از گزش بروز می کند شامل:
درد، ورم، تاول و زخم موضعی ناشی از فرو شدن جسم خارجی به بدن که ظرف دو هفته بهبود می یابد.
3- عوارض سیستماتیک: یک ساعت بعد از گزش بروز می کند، ناشی از اثر توکسین(آثار فلجی- کاهلی- انعقادی- کلیوی- قلبی) انتقال عفونت ها کزاز و ناهنجاری های بعد از درمان- خونریزی یا عدم انعقاد خون-عوارض عصبی- مسمومیت- حالت تهوع و نیز ناهنجاری های بعد از درمان. در 40% مارگزیدگی ها سم در بدن تزریق نمی شود و طبعاً علائم مارگزیدگی پیشرفت نمی کند.
زهرمار: در حالی که یکی از بهترین و جالب ترین آفریده های خدا زهرمار است که از 3600 سال پیش از آن بهره می برده اند زهر، شفاست، تا حدی که آرم شبکه بهداشت نقش دو مار در کنار جام است. زهر مار ایجاد هیستری نمی کند اما زهر زنبور با ایجاد حساسیت در برخی افراد، می تواند باعث مرگشان گردد.
فواید زهر: درمان صرع- هموفیلی- دردهای عصبی- خونریزی های شدید رحم- خونریزی های شدید چشم
رنگ زهر: سفید روشن- زرد روشن- نارنجی
محل قرار گرفتن غدد سمی: در ناحیه سر پشت چشم کمی عقب تر. غده های راست و چپ از نظر کیفیت و کمیت فرق دارد.
جنسیت در میزان زهر: زهر مار نر از زهر مار ماده بیشتر است.
زهر نوزاد مار: برای کشتن انسان کافی است.
کمک های اولیه: باید سریع، ساده و سودمند باشد. اولین اقدام اساسی جهت به حداقل رساندن اثر توکسین به نحوی که:
1- به مصدوم آسیب نرساند. 2- ساده و عملی باشد. 3- شانس سالم رسیدن به مراکز درمانی را افزایش دهد. 4- احتمال به جا ماندن آسیب های ناخواسته را کاهش دهد.
1- کشتن و همراه آوردن مار مهاجم- مار مهاجم مانند یک جنایتکار دستپاچه است و می تواند تا 5 نفر دیگر را بگزد. سر قطع شده مار قادر به نیش زدن است.
2- جلوگیری از انتشار زهر(دستکاری زخم ممنوع- گرم و سرد کردن ممنوع- بریدن، سوزاندن، شوک، ساکشن، پتاسیم، تورنیکت- شستن زخم- نوشاندن مایعات- غذا دادن و مسکن دادن به مصدوم ممنوع است، زیرا عوارض این اقدامات بیش از منافع آن است. بدترین حالت راه رفتن مصدوم روی پا گزیده شدن است.) بی تحرک کردن عضو گزیده شده و نهایتا بی حرکت کردن خود مصدوم باعث کم شدن سرعت انتشار زهر می شود. بستن بالا و پایین محل گزش به نحوی که مانع کامل جریان خون نشود و هر 10 دقیقه 90 ثانیه باز شود توصیه می شود.
3- نحوه قرار دادن مصدوم:
در حالت شوک: به پشت- سرش پایین تر از بدن باشد.
در حالت تهوع: به پهلو- زیرا ترشح بیش از حد بزاق باعث خفگی می شود. در محل گرم و بی حرکت باشد.
4- دلداری و آرامش دادن به مصدوم و گفتن سخنان امیدوار کننده- از رفتاری که باعث ایجاد ترس و استرس و هیجان گردد پرهیز شود. زیرا شایع ترین واکنش نامطلوب مصدوم و اطرافیان، ترس است.
5- درمان های حیاتی: تنفس مصنوعی- ماساژ قلبی(حفظ حیات بیمار)
6- دارو: در صورت تشنج، هیچ دارویی توصیه نمی شود. آمپول: کورامین: تقویت کننده قلب- آتروپین- کودئین و مرفین: تسکین درد- دگزامتازون- سالیسلات سامبوتامول- هیدروکورتیزون- کلر پرومازین- آدرنالین- آنتی هیستامین ده سی سی سرم پلی والان آنتی ونوم: برای (کبری و 6 نوع افعی)- با دستور مصرف، سرم منو والان: بسته به نوع مار برای هر مار خاصی وجود دارد.
7- به سریع ترین روش ممکن که حداقل تحرک را داشته باشد، طوری که گردش خون مصدوم بالا نرود به همراه عامل گزش به مراکز درمانی برسانید و ادامه معالجه را پیگیری کنید.
توصیه می شود: همراه داشتن چوب دست یا باتوم برای دفع مار- پوشیدن کفش مناسب و محافظت ساق پا- عبور نکردن از بوته زار و سنگلاخ- هنگام مواجهه با مار، سریع از محل دور شده و در صورت حمله به صورت زیگزاگ و به طرف سربالایی فرار کنید- در صورتی که اطلاعات و مهارت کافی ندارید اقدام به گرفتن مار نکنید. قدرت استتار مار موقع بی حرکت بودن فوق العاده زیاد است، باید چشمتان به دیدن و تشخیص آن عادت کند.
محل اطراق: پاشیدن گرد توتون و تنباکو اطراف چادر- بسته های پیاز- حشره کش های قوی، نفت و دود باعث متواری شدن مارها و انواع جانوران زهرآگین می گردد.
آناتومی: فاقد گوش خارجی- فاقد پلک بالا- فک ها از هم جدا است. تخم گذار- زنده زا- تخم بچه زا- فاقد مثانه و ادرار است. افعی آب نمی خورد- دارای زبان و آلت تناسلی دوسر- زبان داخل کیسه دهانی است. سالی یک تا 5 بار پوست اندازی می کند- دنده ها از جلو به هم وصل نیست
زهر: ماده ای که در غده ای اختصاصی یا در بافت اختصاصی در بدن جانور تولید می شود توسط دندان و نیش تزریق می شود.
سم: برخلاف زهر، در بافت یا غده خاصی در بدن ساخته نمی شود. یک متابولیست است که به دنبال تغذیه در بدن جانور تولید و جمع می شود.
توکسین toxin: مواد شیمیایی خالصی که در زهر یا سم جانور وجود دارد که دارای آثار اختصاصی بر روی سیستم های بیولوژیک هستند.
توکسینولوژی علم بررسی مواد سمی:
پیشرفت علائم و نشانه های مار گزیدگی به نحو قابل توجهی تحت تأثیر ویژگی های فرد مصدوم و مار است به عبارتی عوارض مارگزیدگی تابعی است از ویژگی های مار و مصدوم: نوع، سن، محل گزش، دز و حجم سم تزریقی، محل جغرافیایی، وزن، سن، سلامتی، ترس، حساسیت، امداد اولیه، اقدامات پزشکی، فاصله زمانی گزش تا درمان- استفراغ شایع ترین و زودرس ترین علامت مارگزیدگی است.
زهر افعی ها به علت بالا بودن وزن ملکول، از طریق عروق به آهستگی صورت می گیرد. لذا آثار و عوارض آن دیر ظاهر می شود.
زهر کبری به علت پایین بودن وزن ملکولی از طریق گردش عمومی خون سریع جذب می شود لذا آثار آن سریع تر ظاهر می شود.
آمار مارگزیدگی در ایران وجود ندارد. طی سالهای 60 تا 70- 4100 گزش توسط جانوران زهرآگین گزارش شده که 400 مورد آن مارگزیدگی بوده است دو مورد فوت در بیمارستان امام رضا(ع)- آمار دیگری سالی 70 مار گزیدگی در ایران را ذکر کرده که منطقی به نظر نمی رسد. بعد از غروب آفتاب احتمال گزش بیشتر است.
شایع ترین نقاط بدن: 50% مچ دست به پایین- 22% مچ پا به پایین- 17% ساق پا- 11% ساعد
50% گزش کبری بدون تزریق زهر بود، 10% مرگ و میر
30% گزش افعی بدون تزریق زهر بود. 20% مرگ و میر
زمان مرگ در گزش کبری: 6 تا 12 ساعت
زمان مرگ در گزش افعی: 24 تا 48 ساعت
قدرت حمله مار: حدود نیم متر است. حمله مار با گزش فرق دارد.
کاربرد مار: 1- زهر 2- گوشت(مسهل) 3- پوست(لوازم لوکس) 4- روغن آنقدر که گفته شده نافع نیست 5- خون-(ضدآفات کشاورزی)
رنگ زهر: سفید روشن – زرد روشن- نارنجی- متمایل به قهوه ای
میزان عوارض زهر: رابطه وزن و جثه و سن فرد مارگزیده با عوارض مارگزیدگی.
تزریق سرم: حداکثر تا 12 ساعت بعد از گزش، تزریق سرم نافع است بعد از آن بی فایده است. به نسبت یک دوم با سرم فیزیولوژی رقیق و به صورت قطره قطره(15 قطره در دقیقه تزریق می شود) نزدیک گزش تزریق نشود. در ماهیچه های بزرگ و داخل ورید تزریق می شود.
مار به آدم خواب کار ندارد؟ بدن و نفس گرم انسان ممکن است باعث جلب مار که خون سرد است گردد.
رابطه با انسان: مار حیوانی منزوی از انسان است. هر جا تردد انسان زیاد شود، مارها از منطقه خارج می شوند. اهلی نمی شوند، اما گاهی مارهای پیتون را نگهداری می کنند.
واکنش در برخورد با انسان: فرار- مخفی شدن و استتار- به مردن زدن- باد کردن- فرو بردن سر در شن و برافراشتن دم- تخلیه مدفوع با فشار- گاز گرفتن- گارد گرفتن و آماده تهاجم- ساییدن پولک ها به یکدیگر- هف کشیدن
نحوه گرفتن مار با دست خالی:
1- وقتی مار در حال گریز باشد گذاشتن پا پشت گردن مار، سپس گرفتن پشت سر آن و همزمان مهار کردن دم و نگاه داشتن آن در فاصله مناسب از بدن
مهره مار چیست؟ قطعه ای از بدن مار که بعد از جفتگیری از آن جدا می شود.
صدای مار: موقع اخطار هوف می کشد. موقع جفت گیری صدایی شبیه قورباغه دارد موقع سائیدن پولکها صدای خش خش ایجاد می کند.
زبان ماری: قوی ترین حسگر مار زبان اوست که غالباً آن را با نیش مار اشتباه می گیرند.
دم مار: از مخزن به بعد دم محسوب می شود. در امتداد دم، یک جفت آلت تناسلی وجود دارد. دم مار ماده به تدریج باریک می شود. دم مار نر دفعتاً باریک می شود.
طول عمر: برخی از مارها تا 25 سال در اسارت عمر می کنند
پوست اندازی: مار سالی 1 تا 5 بار پوست می اندازد.
فنگ: به دندان سمی مار، فنگ می گویند. اگر فنگ کشیده شود مجدداً رشد می کند. دو تا دندان زاپاس هم دارد.
نحوه تولید مثل: هم تخم گذار هستند هم زنده زا و هم تخم بچه زا.
غروب آفتاب: احتمال گزش مارها بیشتر است مخصوصاً در علفزارها.
منابع:
1- مشاهدات و تجربیات عملی کوهیار محمدرضا شیخ
2- مبانی علمی و عملی گزش جانوران زهرآگین مؤلف: دکتر مهدی بلالی مود
3- مارهای ایران مؤلف: دکتر محمود لطیفی |
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