Strict Standards: Declaration of ContentController::display() should be compatible with JController::display($cachable = false) in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
373
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
71
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JModel::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
382
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
253
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/content.php on line
35
Deprecated: Non-static method JHTML::_() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
37
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::find() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
66
Deprecated: Non-static method JHTML::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
66
Strict Standards: call_user_func_array() expects parameter 1 to be a valid callback, non-static method JHTMLBehavior::caption() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
91
Strict Standards: Non-static method JHTML::script() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/system/mtupgrade/behavior.php on line
86
Strict Standards: Non-static method JHTML::_() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
172
Strict Standards: call_user_func_array() expects parameter 1 to be a valid callback, non-static method JHTMLBehavior::mootools() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
91
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/system/mtupgrade/behavior.php on line
52
Strict Standards: Non-static method JHTML::script() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/system/mtupgrade/behavior.php on line
66
Strict Standards: Non-static method JURI::root() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
176
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
179
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/system/mtupgrade/behavior.php on line
70
Strict Standards: Non-static method JURI::root() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
176
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
179
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getCmd() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
40
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
255
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
134
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getUser() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
46
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getSession() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
163
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
47
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
134
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/filter/filterinput.php on line
512
Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/filter/filterinput.php on line
514
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
48
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
151
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
287
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getCmd() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
290
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
255
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
134
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getCmd() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
291
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
255
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
134
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::find() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
627
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
71
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JURI::base() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/view.php on line
178
Deprecated: Non-static method JHTML::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/view.php on line
13
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
326
Deprecated: Non-static method JModel::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
592
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::find() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
112
Deprecated: Non-static method JModel::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
113
Deprecated: Non-static method JModel::_createFileName() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
114
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDBO() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
83
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JTable::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
268
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
134
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
356
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getCache() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
307
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
192
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JCache::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
208
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Declaration of JCacheView::get() should be compatible with JCache::get($id, $group = NULL) in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/handler/view.php on line
150
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getCmd() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/cache.php on line
87
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
255
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
151
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getURI() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/handler/view.php on line
148
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getURI() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
51
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JURI::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
403
Deprecated: Non-static method JCacheStorage::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/cache.php on line
313
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/storage/file.php on line
37
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/cache.php on line
206
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/handler/view.php on line
85
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getUser() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
33
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getSession() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
163
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
34
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
35
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
71
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JPathway::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
682
Deprecated: Non-static method JApplicationHelper::getClientInfo() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/pathway.php on line
75
Deprecated: Non-static method JSite::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/pathway.php on line
34
Deprecated: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
345
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
683
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::getParams() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
240
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
382
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
382
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method ContentHelperQuery::buildVotingQuery() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
526
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getUser() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
608
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getSession() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
163
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDate() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
611
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
71
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getLanguage() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
427
Deprecated: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
436
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getACL() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/user/user.php on line
260
Deprecated: Non-static method JText::_() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
550
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getLanguage() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/methods.php on line
120
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getUser() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
110
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getSession() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
163
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
583
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
151
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
60
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
151
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JTable::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
181
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::find() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/database/table.php on line
91
Deprecated: Non-static method JTable::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/database/table.php on line
91
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDBO() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/database/table.php on line
112
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getACL() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/user/user.php on line
260
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getACL() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/user/user.php on line
260
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getACL() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/user/user.php on line
260
Deprecated: Non-static method JRoute::_() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
78
Deprecated: Non-static method ContentHelperRoute::getArticleRoute() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
78
Deprecated: Non-static method ContentHelperRoute::_findItem() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/helpers/route.php on line
49
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::getComponent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/helpers/route.php on line
97
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/helper.php on line
39
Deprecated: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/helpers/route.php on line
99
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/methods.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
372
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JRouter::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
659
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
660
Deprecated: Non-static method JSite::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/router.php on line
419
Deprecated: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
345
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/router.php on line
401
Deprecated: Non-static method JSite::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/router.php on line
295
Deprecated: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
345
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Strict Standards: Non-static method JSite::getMenu() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/router.php on line
19
Strict Standards: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
345
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Strict Standards: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/router.php on line
90
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
382
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
382
Deprecated: Non-static method JURI::base() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/router.php on line
109
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::importPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
101
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
92
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::getParams() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/content/labels.php on line
35
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::getComponent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/helper.php on line
83
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/helper.php on line
39
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDBO() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/content/labels.php on line
37
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/content/labels.php on line
38
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/content/cdaccesstext.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JHTML::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/content/comments.php on line
54
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
326
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
484
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
484
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
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برچسب ها:
آب معدني,
آب,
آب چشمه,
آب لوله کشی,
آب تهران,
کلراید,
آب زیر زمینی,
کلر,
آب نمک,
آب گرم,
آب کلردار,
آب سالم,
آب آهک,
آب یخ,
تصفیه آب,
آب خنک,
آب درمانی,
لوله کشی آب,
رسوبات آب,
آب نیسان,
نگهداری آب,
تعادل آب و هوا,
کلر موجود در آب,
سم موجود در آب,
آب های سمی,
نوشیدن آب,
مصرف آب,
نیاز بدن به آب,
آب شرب,
آب چاه,
آب خوردن,
آب سرد,
آب چغندر,
آب نوشیدن,
آبیاری با فاضلاب,
آب و فاضلاب تهران,
میزان آب,
آب آشامیدنی
|
 آب مایه حیات و فراوانترین ماده مرکب برروی سطح کره زمین و بستر اولیه حیات به شکلی که امروزه میشناسیم است. بیش از 65٪ وزن یک انسان از آب تشکیل شدهاست و نیز بیش از ۷۰٪ سطح کره زمین را آب پوشانده است. با وجود این حجم عظیم آب تنها ۲ درصد از آبهای کره زمین، شیرین و قابل شرب است و بقیه آن به علت محلول بودن انواع نمکها در آن غیر قابل استفاده است.
از همین دو درصد آب شیرین بیش از ۹۰ درصد به صورت منجمد در دو قطب زمین و دور از دسترس بشر واقع شدهاست[1]. در قرن اخیر به منظور تهیه آب شرب بهداشتی، آب را تحت تاثیر مواد ضدعفونی کننده شیمیایی از جمله گاز کلر، هیپوکلریت سدیم، کلرین دی اکساید، کلرآمین و ازن قرار می دهند. این مواد ضدعفونی کننده می توانند طیفی از میکروارگانیسمهای موجود در آب را از بین ببرند هر چند که انگل ها همچنان در آب کلردار زنده باقی می مانند.آب تهیه شده به این شیوه دارای برخی مشکلات بهداشتی و سلامتی برای انسان می باشد. اولین مشکل آب کلردار، مربوط به گاز کلر یا سایر مواد شیمیایی است که توانایی تولید کردن گاز کلر را دارند. کلر یک سم مهلک است که برای اولین بار از آن در جنگ جهانی اول به عنوان بمب شیمیایی استفاده شد[2]. استنشاق گاز کلر در غلظت بالا باعث مرگ و مواجهه با غلظتهای پایین کلر بصورت مداوم عوارض و بیماریهای بسیار به همراه دارد. از خود کلر که بگذریم، مهمترین مشکل آب ضدعفونی شده با این روش، تولید محصولات جانبی حاصل از فرایند ضدعفونی(Disinfection by-products) با کلر است[3]. تا کنون بیش از 600 ماده شیمیایی محصول این فرایند شناسایی شده است که حاصل واکنش کلر با ملکولهای آلی و غیر آلی موجود در آب است ,[4][5] که در زیر به برخی از ترکیبات مهم اشاره شده است:
1- Chlorite
3- trihalomethanes (THMs)
2- halonitromethanes
3- haloacetonitriles
4- haloamides
5- halofuranones
6- iodo-acids
7- iodo-THMs
8- nitrosamines
9- haloacetic acids (HAAs)
10- N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)
پژوهشها نشان داده اند که برخی از این مواد می توانند باعث بروز سرطان، ناهنجاریهای مادرزادی,[6][7] ، کم وزنی نوزاد شوند. همچنین التهاب پوستی و مشکلات تنفسی[8] در استخرهایی که با کلر ضدعفونی می شوند مشاهده شده است,[9][10] . ازن سبب تولید فرمالدهید و برومات می شود که هر دو ماده کاملا سمی و سرطانزا می باشند. سرطان مثانه از بدخیمی های به اثبات رسیده ای است که می تواند توسط ملکولهای حاصل از فرایند ضدعفونی ایجاد شود,[11][12]. سقط خودبخودی جنین نیز در برخی مطالعات مشاهده شده است ,[13][14].دکترJoseph Price نتایج تحقیقات خود را بر روی آب کلردار در کتابی[15] با عنوان عروق کرونر، کلسترول و کلر(Coronaries Cholesterol Chlorine) منتشر نموده است. او در کتاب خود آورده است که "اولین نشانه حمله قلبی ناشی از لخته در عروق کرونر به سال 1912 بر میگردد یعنی چند سال پس از آنکه کلر به عنوان ماده ضدعفونی کننده به آب افزوده شد. او به مطالعه در زمینه علت اصلی سکته قلبی می پردازد و اینطور استدلال می کند که احتمالا یک ماده سمی توسط ما خورده یا نوشیده می شود. اولین چیزی که نظر او را بخود جلب می کند رابطه ای است که بین سکته قلبی و کلسترول وجود دارد، ولی با استدلال اینکه کلسترول در همه انسانها باعث ایجاد سکته نمی شود (مثلا اسکیموها به مقدار زیاد از چربی ها استفاده می کنند ولی آمار بیشتری از سکته قلبی نسبت به سایرین ندارند) به دنبال عوامل دیگر می گردد تا اینکه وی با این پیشینه که کلر یک ماده سمی است، تحقیقاتی را بر روی پرندگان با استفاده از آب کلر دار آغاز میکند. او درمی یابد که فقط سه هفته زمان کافی است که در گروهی که آب کلردار دریافت کرده اند تغییرات محسوسی ایجاد شود. پس از چهار ماه اولین پرنده از گروهی که آب کلردار نوشیده بودند مرده و در آزمایش کالبدشکافی مشخص شد که 95% آنها مبتلا به تصلب شرایین شده اند، قلب آنها بزرگ شده و خونریزی داخل ریه ای داشته اند. این در حالی بود که در گروه کنترل همه پرنده ها زنده بودند و کالبدشکافی نشان داد که آنها کاملا سالم هستند. بنابراین او چنین نتیجه گرفت که کلر می تواند عامل اصلی سکته قلبی باشد".
نکته ای که باید به آن توجه کرد آنست که هر چند حذف کلر از آب تا حدی با سیستمهای فیلتراسیون جدید امکانپذیر است ولی حذف ششصد نوع ملکول ایجاد شده حاصل از واکنش کلر با روشهای فیزیکی-شیمیایی غیر ممکن است!
حال که زیانباری آب حاصل از ضدعفونی شیمیایی دانسته شد، مناسب است بدانیم که منطق سازمان بهداشت جهانی( World Health Organization - WHO) در استفاده از آب کلردار چیست.
سازمان بهداشت جهانی می گوید : "خطر مرگ ناشی از عوامل عفونی در اثر استفاده از آب غیربهداشتی (غیر کلردار) حداقل 100 برابر بیشتر از خطر ناشی از ابتلا به سرطان در اثر استفاده از آب غیر بهداشتی است".[16] با قبول این منطق طبیعی است که در ازای 1/3 میلیون نفری که سالانه بخاطر استفاده از آب بهداشتی جانشان نجات می یابد[17]، 31هزار نفر بایدجان خود را در اثر سرطان ناشی از استفاده از آب کلردار از دست بدهند! در نظر بگیرید که این آمار فقط مربوط به ابتلای به سرطان است و با در نظر گرفتن سایر بیماریهای مرتبط با مصرف آب کلردار به علاوه افرادی از جامعه که در مرحله پیش- بیماری هستند عمق مسئله بیشتر نمایان می شود!
حال مهمترین سوالی که به ذهن می رسد اینست که در دنیایی با این پیشرفتهای تکنولوژیک که هزاران دلار صرف تحقیقات در تشخیص و درمان بیماریهای نادر می شود؛ چرا با وجود این همه مضرات شناخته شده، روش جایگزینی جهت ضدعفونی آب ابداع نشده است؟ و اینکه چگونه پیشینیان ما در طول چندین هزار سال گذشته بدون استفاده از آب ضدعفونی شده زنده مانده اند و زندگی سالمتری از ما را تجربه کرده اند! تامل و کنکاش در این موضوع و پاسخ به این سوالات را به خواننده محترم واگذار می کنیم!
**************************************************
منابع:
[1] - Disinfection by-products
[2] - Coronaries Cholesterol Chlorine
[3] - World Health Organization (WHO)
[1] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water
[2] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine
[3] - S Richardson, C Postigo. Drinking water disinfection by-products in: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 2012, pp 93-137 .
[4] - Richardson, Susan D. (2011). "Disinfection By-Products: Formation and Occurrence of Drinking Water". In Nriagu, J.O.. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health. 2. Burlington Elsevier. pp. 110–13.
[5] - Richardson, Susan D.; Plewa, Michael J.; Wagner, Elizabeth D.; Schoeny, Rita; DeMarini, David M. (2007). "Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research". Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 636 (1–3): 178–242.
[6] - Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Martinez D, Grellier J, Bennett J, Best N, Iszatt N, Vrijheid M, Toledano MB.Chlorination disinfection by-products in drinking water and congenital anomalies: review and meta-analyses. Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Oct;117(10):1486-93.
[7] - Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Toledano MB, Bennett J, Best N, Hambly P, de Hoogh C, Wellesley D, Boyd PA, Abramsky L, Dattani N, Fawell J, Briggs D, Jarup L, Elliott P.Chlorination disinfection by-products and risk of congenital anomalies in England and Wales. Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Feb;116(2):216-22
[8] - Allergic contact dermatitis from chlorinated swimming pool water. Sasseville, D., Geoffrion, G., Lowry, R.N., 1999, Contact Dermatitis; 41(6) p347-348
[9] - Bove F, Shim Y, Zeitz P. Drinking water contaminants and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a review. Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Feb;110 Suppl 1:61-74.
[10] - Grellier, James; Bennett, James; Patelarou, Evridiki; Smith, Rachel B.; Toledano, Mireille B.; Rushton, Lesley; Briggs, David J.; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J. (2010). "Exposure to Disinfection By-products, Fetal Growth, and Prematurity". Epidemiology 21 (3): 300–13.
[11] - Costet, N.; Villanueva, C. M.; Jaakkola, J. J. K.; Kogevinas, M.; Cantor, K. P.; King, W. D.; Lynch, C. F.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. et al. (2011). "Water disinfection by-products and bladder cancer: is there a European specificity? A pooled and meta-analysis of European case-control studies". Occupational and Environmental Medicine 68 (5): 379–85.
[12] - Villanueva, C. M.; Cantor, K. P.; Grimalt, J. O.; Malats, N.; Silverman, D.; Tardon, A.; Garcia-Closas, R.; Serra, C. et al. (2006). "Bladder Cancer and Exposure to Water Disinfection By-Products through Ingestion, Bathing, Showering, and Swimming in Pools". American Journal of Epidemiology 165 (2): 148–56.
[13] - Savitz, David A.; Singer, Philip C.; Hartmann, Katherine E.; Herring, Amy H.; Weinberg, Howard S.; Makarushka, Christina; Hoffman, Caroline; Chan, Ronna et al. (2005). "Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products and Pregnancy Outcome". Denver, CO: Awwa Research Foundation.
[14] - Waller, Kirsten; Swan, Shanna H.; DeLorenze, Gerald; Hopkins, Barbara (1998). "Trihalomethanes in drinking water and spontaneous abortion". Epidemiology 9 (2): 134–140.
[15] - M.D. Joseph M. Price. Coronaries Cholesterol Chlorine 2008 Rhino Publishing S.A.
[16] -"Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products Session Objectives [Water Sanitation Health (WSH)]". World Health Organization (WHO).
[17] - http://www.who.int/features/qa/70/en |
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