Strict Standards: Declaration of ContentController::display() should be compatible with JController::display($cachable = false) in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
373
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
71
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JModel::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
382
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
253
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/content.php on line
35
Deprecated: Non-static method JHTML::_() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
37
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::find() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
66
Deprecated: Non-static method JHTML::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
66
Strict Standards: call_user_func_array() expects parameter 1 to be a valid callback, non-static method JHTMLBehavior::caption() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
91
Strict Standards: Non-static method JHTML::script() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/system/mtupgrade/behavior.php on line
86
Strict Standards: Non-static method JHTML::_() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
172
Strict Standards: call_user_func_array() expects parameter 1 to be a valid callback, non-static method JHTMLBehavior::mootools() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
91
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/system/mtupgrade/behavior.php on line
52
Strict Standards: Non-static method JHTML::script() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/system/mtupgrade/behavior.php on line
66
Strict Standards: Non-static method JURI::root() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
176
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
179
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/system/mtupgrade/behavior.php on line
70
Strict Standards: Non-static method JURI::root() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
176
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
179
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getCmd() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
40
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
255
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
134
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getUser() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
46
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getSession() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
163
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
47
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
134
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/filter/filterinput.php on line
512
Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/filter/filterinput.php on line
514
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/controller.php on line
48
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
151
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
287
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getCmd() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
290
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
255
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
134
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getCmd() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
291
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
255
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
134
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::find() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
627
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
71
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JURI::base() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/view.php on line
178
Deprecated: Non-static method JHTML::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/view.php on line
13
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
326
Deprecated: Non-static method JModel::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
592
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::find() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
112
Deprecated: Non-static method JModel::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
113
Deprecated: Non-static method JModel::_createFileName() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
114
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDBO() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
83
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JTable::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/model.php on line
268
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
134
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
356
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getCache() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/controller.php on line
307
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
192
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JCache::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
208
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Declaration of JCacheView::get() should be compatible with JCache::get($id, $group = NULL) in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/handler/view.php on line
150
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getCmd() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/cache.php on line
87
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
255
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
151
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getURI() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/handler/view.php on line
148
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getURI() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
51
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JURI::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
403
Deprecated: Non-static method JCacheStorage::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/cache.php on line
313
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/storage/file.php on line
37
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/cache.php on line
206
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/cache/handler/view.php on line
85
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getUser() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
33
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getSession() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
163
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
34
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
35
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
71
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JPathway::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
682
Deprecated: Non-static method JApplicationHelper::getClientInfo() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/pathway.php on line
75
Deprecated: Non-static method JSite::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/pathway.php on line
34
Deprecated: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
345
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
683
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::getParams() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
240
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
382
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
382
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method ContentHelperQuery::buildVotingQuery() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
526
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getUser() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
608
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getSession() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
163
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDate() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
611
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
71
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getLanguage() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
427
Deprecated: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
436
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getACL() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/user/user.php on line
260
Deprecated: Non-static method JText::_() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
550
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getLanguage() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/methods.php on line
120
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getUser() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
110
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getSession() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line
163
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
583
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
151
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
60
Deprecated: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
151
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Deprecated: Non-static method JTable::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/models/article.php on line
181
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::find() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/database/table.php on line
91
Deprecated: Non-static method JTable::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/database/table.php on line
91
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDBO() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/database/table.php on line
112
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getACL() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/user/user.php on line
260
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getACL() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/user/user.php on line
260
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getACL() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/user/user.php on line
260
Deprecated: Non-static method JRoute::_() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
78
Deprecated: Non-static method ContentHelperRoute::getArticleRoute() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
78
Deprecated: Non-static method ContentHelperRoute::_findItem() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/helpers/route.php on line
49
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::getComponent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/helpers/route.php on line
97
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/helper.php on line
39
Deprecated: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/helpers/route.php on line
99
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/methods.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
372
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JRouter::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
659
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
660
Deprecated: Non-static method JSite::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/router.php on line
419
Deprecated: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
345
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/router.php on line
401
Deprecated: Non-static method JSite::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/router.php on line
295
Deprecated: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
345
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Deprecated: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Strict Standards: Non-static method JSite::getMenu() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/router.php on line
19
Strict Standards: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/application.php on line
345
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
705
Strict Standards: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
706
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/router.php on line
90
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
382
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
382
Deprecated: Non-static method JURI::base() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/includes/router.php on line
109
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::importPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/components/com_content/views/article/view.html.php on line
101
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
92
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::getParams() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/content/labels.php on line
35
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::getComponent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/helper.php on line
83
Deprecated: Non-static method JComponentHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/component/helper.php on line
39
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getDBO() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/content/labels.php on line
37
Deprecated: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/content/labels.php on line
38
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/content/cdaccesstext.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JHTML::addIncludePath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/plugins/content/comments.php on line
54
Deprecated: Non-static method JPath::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line
326
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
147
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
41
Deprecated: Non-static method JRegistryFormat::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line
373
Deprecated: Non-static method JFilterInput::clean() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/registry/format.php on line
45
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
484
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
186
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
484
Deprecated: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line
140
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/home/h188220/old.ravazadeh.com/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Deprecated: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
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برچسب ها:
دارو,
طب سنتی,
طب جامع,
طب قدیم هند,
گیاهان,
طب طبیعی,
مواد طبیعی دارویی,
دارو های گیاهی,
طب دوره هخامنشی,
خواص گیاهان,
عمل جراحی,
داروی دفع سودا,
بیماری,
داروهای طب سنتی,
مواد سودا زا,
طب هندی,
طب چینی,
طب جامع ایران,
درمان عفونت,
گیاه درمانی,
داروی گیاهی,
غذای دارویی,
جراحی,
طب مدرن,
احیای طب سنتی,
طب تغذیه,
ابزارآلات پزشکی,
ابزار معاینه ی پزشکی,
ابزار معاینه,
معاینه ی پزشکی,
ابزار پزشکی در ایران,
ابزار آلات معاینه در پزشکی ایران
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الف ) ابزارها. چون پزشکان دورة اسلامی برای معالجة بیماریها بیشتر از گیاهان دارویی استفاده می کردند نوشته های راجع به آلات و وسایل جراحی در تاریخ پزشکی دورة اسلامی از دیگر آثار پزشکی این دوره به مراتب کمتر است ( رجوع کنید بهجراحی دورة اسلامی ). گفتنی است که مفهوم ابزار جراحی نزد پزشکان و جراحان دورة اسلامی با مفهوم امروزی آن کاملا متفاوت است . نزد آنان ابزار جراحی فقط وسیله ای برای جرح و بریدن عضو یا محلی از بدن انسان نبوده بلکه به انواع آلاتی که در شکسته بندی یا کارهایی مانند آن نیز به کار می رفته اطلاق می شده است ( رجوع کنید به ادامة مقاله ).
ظاهرا مهم ترین منبعی که برای شناسایی آلات جراحی پزشکی یونانی در اختیار پزشکان دورة اسلامی قرار داشته کتاب > خلاصة پزشکی در هفت کتاب < نوشتة پائولوس / پل آیگینایی (بولس اجانیطی * ) بوده که ترجمة عربی آن به دست ما نرسیده است . مقالة ششم این کتاب به مبحث جراحی اختصاص داشته و منبع دانسته های بسیاری از پزشکان دورة اسلامی در بارة جراحی بوده است ( رجوع کنید بهکمبل ج 1 ص 11ـ12) و اشاراتی در این زمینه در بعضی نوشته های دانشمندان و پزشکان دورة اسلامی دیده می شود (از جمله رجوع کنید بهحنین بن اسحاق ص 202ـ203 215 نیز رجوع کنید به علی بن عیسی کحال ص 259 که به صراحت از نظر فولس / بولس در استفاده از جراحی ( = علاج الحدید ) در مداوای بیماری آب آوردن چشم صحبت کرده است ).
نخستین اشارات شایان توجه به آلات و وسایل جراحی درنخستین مجموعة دائرة المعارفی در بارة پزشکی دورة اسلامی یعنی الحاوی فی الطب * محمدبن زکریا رازی دیده می شود اما در این کتاب به سبب نبودن بخش خاصی در بارة جراحی اطلاعات راجع به ابزارهای جراحی در بخشهای مختلف پراکنده است . تا پیش از نگارش الحاوی نوشته های پزشکان دورة اسلامی در بارة موضوعات محدودی چون تهیة کناشها و رسائلی در بارة آثار درمانی گیاهان و داروها و تک نگاریهایی در بارة معالجة بیماریها بوده است . از مهم ترین کتابهای پزشکی اسلامی تا پیش از الحاوی فردوس الحکمة علی بن سهل طبری و الذخیرة فی علم الطب ثابت بن قره بوده است . در الذخیرة تقریبا هیچ مطلبی در بارة جراحی و ادوات آن وجود ندارد. طبری نیز (ص 558) به هنگام گزارش در بارة مکتب پزشکی هندی به نقل از سسرد (سوسروتا پزشک هندی که احتمالا در قرن ششم پیش از میلاد زندگی می کرده است رجوع کنید بهسزگین
ج 3 ص 197ـ 198) آورده است که از اجزای هشت گانة پزشکی هندی یک جزء به پزشکی میلی برای علاج بیماریهای چشم و جزئی نیز به مبضعی (نیشتری ) برای علاج بیماریها به وسیلة فصد اختصاص دارد. بر این اساس طبری (ص 560) از مبضع و داغ کردن (کی ) و دوختن رگها در این مکتب پزشکی یاد کرده است .
رازی در الحاوی از به کار بردن نوعی صناره (چنگک ) در مداوای پاره ای بیماریهای رحم (1421 ج 3 جزء 9 ص 16) و نیز از به کار بردن مبوله (لوله ای برای بیرون آوردن ادرار از آلت تناسلی مرد) برای معالجة بیماری عدم دفع ارادی ادرار از مجرای آن (ج 4 جزء 10 ص 97) یاد کرده است . وی ابتدا کاربرد مبوله را که آن را «قاثاطیر» نیز نامیده به نقل از تیاذق / تیاذوق * توضیح داده و سپس نظر خود را در بارة استفاده از آن بیان کرده است ( رجوع کنید بههمان ج 4 جزء 10 ص 97ـ 98). رازی در موضعی دیگر (همان ج 4 جزء 10 ص 109ـ110) به نقل از انطیلس (آنتیلوس پزشک یونانی قرن سوم پیش از میلاد) از به کار بردن مبوله ای یاد کرده که نخی در سوراخی در انتهای آن قرار داده شده تا با آن ادرار مانده در مثانة بیمار تخلیه شود.
ظاهرا رازی از نخستین پزشکان دورة اسلامی بوده که در باره چگونگی دوختن (بخیه زدن ) اعضای درونی بدن انسان مطالبی آورده است ( رجوع کنید به همان ج 5 جزء 13 ص 15ـ 16). او به تفصیل در این باره توضیح داده و از آرای جالینوس نیز در این زمینه یاد کرده است . رازی در دیگر کتاب خود المنصوری فی الطب که به نام کناش المنصوری نیز شناخته می شود ( رجوع کنید بهسزگین ج 3 ص 281) مقاله ای را به شکستگیها و جراحات اختصاص داده و در آن به تفصیل به حجامت و فصد و شکستگیها پرداخته ( رجوع کنید بهص 301ـ375) اما از آلات جراحی و فصد و حجامت سخنی به میان نیاورده است . مدتی کوتاه پس از رازی یعقوب کشکری (متوفی در نیمة دوم قرن چهارم ) به بعضی آلات جراحی چشم اشاراتی کرده که از آن جمله است : به کار بردن نوعی ابره (سوزن ) برای درمان پاره ای بیماریهای چشم (ص 107ـ 108) استفاده از مبضع (نیشتر) برای معالجة تحجر (ورم رگهای دور قرنیة چشم ص 106) استفاده از مهت (نوعی دیگر از نیشتر) برای درمان التصاق (چسبیدن دو پلک چشم در موضع کناری آن به یکدیگر همانجا) و استفاده از صناره و مقراض (قیچی ) و قمادین و منقاش (ابزاری شبیه موچین ) برای مداوای توثه (گوشت زائد گوشة چشم ) و ثالول (تورم پلک چشم ص 110 نیز رجوع کنید به چشم / چشم پزشکی * ).
در میان پزشکان متقدم دورة اسلامی علی بن عباس مجوسی اهوازی (متوفی ربع آخر قرن چهارم ) نخستین کسی است که به مقولة جراحی نگاه علمی داشته و در بارة ابزارهای جراحی مورد استفادة پزشکان دورة اسلامی اطلاعات مفیدی داده است . وی که کتاب خود کامل الصناعة الطبیة را به عنوان ذیلی بر الحاوی نوشته جراحی را به سه دسته جراحی عروق جراحی گوشت و جراحی استخوان تقسیم کرده (ج 2 ص 456) و بر این اساس به شرح پاره ای از آلات جراحی پرداخته و از جمله به استفاده از این وسایل اشاره کرده است : نخ ابریشم برای دوختن بریدگی رگها (ج 2 ص 461) سناره (صناره ج 2 ص 467) منقاش (ج 2 ص 468) کلبتین (نوعی وسیله شبیه قیچی ج 2 ص 468) السبوکیة برای درمان بعضی بیماریهای چشم (ج 2 ص 471) مقراض (ج 2 ص 473 475) نوعی سوزن (ج 2 ص 473) برای مداوای شتره (بیماری کوتاهی پلک چشم ج 2 ص 476) مهت برای مداوای آب آوردن چشم (همانجا) قاثاطیر برای درمان گیرافتادن ادرار در مثانه (ج 2 ص 483) و چند وسیله برای خارج کردن جنین مرده از بدن مادر از جمله صناره و شراسیف (ج 2 ص 489). او همچنین (ج 2 ص 493ـ497) در بارة انواع وسایل داغ کردن زخم (مکوی جمع آن : مکاوی ) گزارش داده است . در میان چشم پزشکان اسلامی نیز علی بن عیسی کحال (متوفی ح 400) به استفاده از آلات جراحی برای درمان بیماریهای چشم اشاره کرده است . وی در بخشی که به برخی از بیماری چشمی از جمله سبل (سرخ شدن بسیار زیاد چشم به واسطة پارگی رگها) پرداخته از به کار بردن مهت در معالجة این بیماری نیز یاد کرده است (ص 197ـ199) اما تنوع وسایلی که علی بن عیسی ذکر کرده با آنچه یعقوب کشکری در معالجة بیماریهای چشم از آنها یاد کرده قابل مقایسه نیست .
ابن سینا نیز در بارة آلات جراحی مطالبی دارد از جمله برای معالجة گوشت زائدی که در بینی به وجود آمده از نوعی ارة نخی سخن گفته که از گره هایی که با فاصلة معین بر روی نخ ابریشمین زده می شده درست می شده است . این اره را به وسیلة ابره (سوزن ) تا انتهای حفرة بینی وارد می کردند سپس با ارة نخی گوشت زائد را می بریدند و بعد با استفاده از انبوبة (لولة ) سربی داروهایی بر روی زخم می گذاشتند (ج 2 کتاب 3 ص 1054). ابن سینا همچنین برای معالجة ورم مثانه از وسیله ای به نام زراقه (سرنگی برای داخل کردن دارو به مثانة مردان ) سخن گفته ( رجوع کنید بهج 2 کتاب 3 ص 1556) و در بارة کاربرد قاثاطیر برای درمان بیماریهای مختلف (ج 2 کتاب 3 ص 1574) و کاربرد کلبتین و صناره برای بیرون آوردن جنین مرده از شکم مادر (ج 2 کتاب 3 ص 1653) نیز مطالبی آورده است .
اما مهم ترین و مفصل ترین گزارش در بارة آلات و ادوات جراحی از آن ابوالقاسم زهراوی * است . وی باب سی ام کتاب خود التصریف لمن عجز عن التألیف (1406 ج 2 ص 461ـ567) را به موضوع جراحی اختصاص داده و در آن مانند تقسیم بندی علی بن عباس مجوسی اهوازی جراحی را به سه دسته تقسیم نموده و در سه باب ذیل باب سی ام به توصیف مهم ترین آلات و ادوات هر دسته پرداخته است .
در باب اول (ج 2 ص 462ـ476) زهراوی داغ کردن (کی )را شرح داده و بر اساس چگونگی درمان بیماریها از سرتا پا به وسیلة داغ کردن به شرح آلات مخصوص داغ کردن هریک از نقاط بدن نیز پرداخته و حدود سی نوع از انواع داغ کنها را برشمرده است . نکتة در خور توجه آن است که وی برای نخستین بار تصویر آلات جراحی موردبحث را نیز ترسیم کرده است . تقریبا در تمام نسخه های خطی موجود از این کتاب (برای آگاهی از این دستنویسها رجوع کنید به ادامة مقاله بخش ب ) این تصاویر وجود دارند.
در باب دوم (ج 2 ص 476ـ544) ــ که در بارة رگ زدن شکافتن و سوراخ کردن و مانند آن است ــ زهراوی راجع به درمان بسیاری از بیماریها از طریق جراحی عضو بیمار توضیح داده است . گستردگی و تنوع موضوعات این باب با هیچ یک از آثار پیش از آن قابل قیاس نیست . زهراوی در این باب به توضیح در بارة استفاده از حدود 150 وسیلة جراحی پرداخته که از جملة آنهاست : انواع مبضع (نیشتر) برای گشودن پوست سر (ج 2 ص 478) یا بریدن گوشت اضافی به وجود آمده در گوش (ج 2 ص 482) مجموعه وسایلی برای جرم گیری دندانها (ج 2 ص 490) انواع گازانبرها (= کلالیب ) برای کشیدن دندان (ج 2 ص 491) نوعی قیچی سرکج شبیه به انواع کلالیب برای بیرون آوردن زالو از درون گلو (ج 2 ص 495) نوعی قیچی (= مقص) برای ختنه کردن (ج 2 ص 505) و نوعی لولب (وسیله ای برای بازکردن دهانة رحم برای بیرون آوردن جنین ج 2 ص 515).
در باب سوم (ج 2 ص 544ـ567) که در بارة شکستگیها است یازده وسیله بررسی شده که از جمله سه نمونه مته (= مثقب ) است برای سوراخ کردن جمجمة انسان به منظور ترمیم بخشهای شکستة آن (ج 2 ص 549).
از بین پزشکانی که آثار خود را به زبان فارسی تألیف کرده اند بیش از همه سیداسماعیل جرجانی * در مهم ترین اثر پزشکی خود ذخیرة خوارزمشاهی * از آلات و ادوات جراحی یاد کرده که از جملة آنهاست : نوعی وسیله به نام میل برای گشودن پلک چشم افرادی که قادر به گشودن چشم خود نیستند (ص 339) صناره برای مداوای طرفه یا ناخنه که گوشت زائدی است که در گوشة چشم پدید می آید (ص 351) و منقاش (ص 345) و مهت (ص 352 362) برای درمان دیگر بیماریهای چشم . جرجانی بیشتر به وسایلی اشاره کرده است که در درمان بیماریهای چشم به کار می روند. علاوه بر این به طور محدود به دیگر آلات از جمله ابزار داغ کردن (ص 603) نیز اشاره کرده است . به نظر می رسد آنچه در ذخیرة خوارزمشاهی در بارة استفاده از ابزار جراحی آمده همانهایی است که در آثار دیگر جراحان و پزشکان اسلامی نیز آمده و کمتر از مواردی سخن گفته شده که خود جرجانی آنها را تجربه کرده یا به کار بسته است . از جمله آنچه جرجانی (ص 603) در بارة نوعی داغ کن فلزی مشتمل بر چند دایرة تو در تو برای داغ کردن سرین نوشته تقریبا همان مطالب زهراوی (ج 2 ص 472) در این باره است .
ابن بطلان پزشک و مؤلف بغدادی (متوفی 458) نیز فهرستی از پاره ای آلات مربوط به کار جراحان بدون توجه به نوع و کاربرد این گونه وسایل به دست داده است ( ((ر.ک.ب))ص 77ـ 78). همچنین به هنگام ذکر داستانی در بارة آزمایش پزشکان (ص 113) از گروهی از وسایل جراحی شامل مدورات شفرات مزویات و حربات نام برده که در دیگر آثار پزشکی از آنها نامی نیامده است .
ابن زهر (متوفی 557) نیز در کتاب خود التیسیر فی المداواة و التدبیر از تعدادی از وسایل جراحی یاد کرده که از جملة آنها انبوبی از نقره برای درمان پاره ای بیماریهای معده و روده است (سفر 1 ص 155).
عبدالرحمان بن نصر شیزری مؤلف اهل شام (متوفی ح 589) نیز در بارة گروهی از آلات جراحی گزارش داده است . وی نه در مقام پزشک بلکه به عنوان کسی که فهرستی از امور مربوط به حسبه و نظارت بر چگونگی گذران زندگی مردم در شهرها را تهیه کرده از این آلات یاد کرده است . شیزری در این فهرست (ص 99ـ100) انواع گازانبر ابزار داغ کردن نیشترها و دیگر ابزارها را نام برده است .
یکی از آخرین پزشکان دوران متقدم و دورة میانة پزشکی اسلامی که از آلات جراحی سخن گفته امین الدوله ابوالفرج بن موفق الدین معروف به ابن قف (پزشک اهل شام متوفی 685) است که در کتاب خود العمدة فی الجراحة به این ابزار اشاره کرده است (برای آگاهی بیشتر در بارة این کتاب ((ر.ک.ب)) ادامة مقاله بخش ب ) از جمله به چند گونه ابزار داغ کردن (ج 2 ص 162ـ173) و استفاده از چند چنگک (صناره ) و نوعی کلبتین (گازانبر) برای در آوردن جنین مرده از شکم مادر (ج 2 ص 217ـ 218). در این روش ابتدا جنین مرده را تکه تکه و سپس با این وسایل تکه ها را از شکم مادر خارج می کردند.
از قرن هشتم به بعد پزشکی نویسان اسلامی ترجیح داده اند به جای ذکر آلات و ادواتی که در جراحی به کار می روند به بیان چگونگی عمل جراحی بپردازند. ازاین رو در متون پزشکی اسلامی کمتر در بارة انواع آلات جراحی سخن به میان آمده و آثاری چون التصریف زهراوی که بخشی از آن به آلات جراحی اختصاص دارد دیگر پدید نیامده است . از جمله متون پزشکی مهمی که به زبان فارسی پس از قرن هشتم تألیف شده شرایط جراحی تألیف ابوزین کحال پزشک و چشم پزشک دورة صفوی است (در بارة کتاب او ((ر.ک.ب)) ادامة مقاله بخش ب ). اگرچه این کتاب در بارة جراحی است بیشترین بخش آن به چگونگی درمان بیماریها با دارو اختصاص دارد و در کنار آن به بعضی آلات جراحی و برخی جراحیهای کوچک پرداخته شده است .
باب نوزدهم مجموعه اکبری تألیف علی اکبربن میرگداعلی بن میرسیدبابای حسینی در 1036 نیز به فنون جراحی اختصاص دارد اما در آن تقریبا هیچ اشاره ای به آلات و وسایل جراحی نشده است .
مهم ترین کتاب در بارة جراحی در دورة صفوی ذخیرة کامله تألیف حکیم محمدعلی است که آن را در روزگار شاه صفی (حک : 1038ـ1052) نوشته است . در این کتاب بخشی (گ 45ر ـ 49 پ ) در بارة آلات جراحی وجود دارد اما اطلاعاتی که در آن آمده عمیق نیست . مؤلف در این بخش در بارة حدود پانزده وسیلة جراحی بیشتر شامل انواع نیشترها و کاردها گزارش داده است .
در جلد اول از مجلدات سه گانة انوار ناصریة با نام تشریح البشر و توضیح الصور ــ که یکی از مهم ترین آثار مربوط به آشنایی ایرانیان با پزشکی جدید و اروپایی و به ویژه فن جدید تشریح است ــ تألیف محمدبن عبدالصبور حکیم قبلی در 1272 در بارة آلات جراحی سخنی نیست اما در بخش کوچکی از کتاب (ج 1 ص 192ـ194) مهم ترین ابزارهای تشریح به اختصار معرفی شده است . این کتاب یکی از مهم ترین آثار دورة قاجار است که به معرفی مهم ترین آلات و وسایل تشریح اختصاص دارد.
گزارشهای معاصر در بارة بررسی آلات جراحی در پزشکی دورة اسلامی عموما به بررسی باب سی ام التصریف زهراوی اختصاص دارند. یکی از قدیم ترین این گزارشها (چاپ شده در 1304/1925) نوشتة احمد عیسی بک (ص 256ـ274) است که به شرح کوتاهی از آلات مورد نظر زهراوی اختصاص دارد. او در این گزارش (ص 256ـ271) روی هم رفته 134 وسیله را معرفی کرده است . عبداللطیف بدری در گزارش خود (ص 423ـ441) اگرچه بخش اصلی مطالب خود را از زهراوی اخذ کرده به دیگر آثار پزشکی و چشم پزشکی اسلامی از جمله کتاب الکافی فی الکحل نوشتة خلیفه حلی نیز نظر داشته است . او یازده وسیلة جراحی چشم و چشم پزشکی (ص 428ـ432) هفت وسیلة درمان بیماریهای دهان و حنجره (ص 433) هشت وسیلة مورد استفاده در بیماریهای زنان و زایمان (ص 436ـ441) و هشت وسیلة مورد استفاده در درمان شکستگیها (ص 433ـ436) را برشمرده است .
مفصل ترین گزارش در بارة وسایل جراحی پزشکی اسلامی از آن علی حسین شطشاط (چاپ شده در 1378 ش / 1999) است . او در این گزارش (ج 1 ص 185ـ350) وسایل جراحی را به نه دسته تقسیم نموده است . به جز بخش مربوط به وسایل جراحی چشم مهم ترین منبع او نیز باب سی ام التصریف زهراوی است . شطشاط این آلات را تقسیم کرده است به انواع داغ کنها (ج 1 ص 191ـ 218) وسایل عمومی جراحی (ج 1 ص 219ـ250) شامل انواع چنگکها (صنانیر) نیشترها (مباضع ) وسایل حجامت انواع وسایل حقنه و تنقیه سوزنها و کاردهای بسیار نوک تیز (مسابیر) میلهای سرتیز (مدسات ) نیشترهای حجامت (مشارط ) انبرکها (کلالیب ) لوله های جراحی (انبوبه ها) و مانند آنها وسایل چشم پزشکی (ج 1 ص 251ـ 268) وسایل دندان پزشکی (ج 1 ص 269ـ282) وسایل جراحیهای دهان حنجره و گوش (ج 1 ص 283ـ 296) وسایل درمان شکستگیها (ج 1 ص 297ـ 322) وسایل درمان بیماریهای تناسلی و مجاری ادرار (ج 1 ص 323ـ331) و وسایل مربوط به بیماریهای زنان و زایمان (ج 1 ص 332ـ343). وی بخش کوچکی (ج 1 ص 344ـ350) را نیز به دیگر وسایل جراحی که در این تقسیم بندی نمی گنجیده اند اختصاص داده است . او در گزارش خود تصویر حدود 470 وسیلة جراحی در پزشکی دورة اسلامی را برگرفته از کتاب زهراوی و دیگر منابع آورده است .
منبع: http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=4543 |
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